13 September 2023
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Origin of novel broad resistance to late blight found in wild potato relatives.
RESEARCHERS from three universities in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands are making important discoveries in their efforts to better understand potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) and how to make the crop more sustainable.
Their research has been published in the renowned scientific journal Science. Vivianne Vleeshouwers, a plant scientist at Wageningen University & Research described blight risk as "a continuous arms race between the potato plant and Phytophthora”.
"The plant fiercely defends itself. An invasion of the “fungus” (actually an oomycete) immediately triggers a number of defence responses, such as making part of a leaf die off in a controlled manner to stop the advance of the disease. However, Phytophthora is able to repeatedly bypass these defences by means of mutating," she said.
Recognising the disease
To defend itself the first thing the plant has to do is recognise the pathogen. “The plant has receptors for this, a kind of antennas. These bind tiny pieces of Phytophthora protein, which is the signal that something is wrong. This is when the defense responses kick in. So it is very important that the plant can actually detect the disease and has the right receptors in place to activate its defences," Vivianne said.
These receptors are located either inside or on the outside of the cell. Receptors inside the cell are encoded by specific R genes (R stands for resistance), and potato breeders take advantage of these. They develop resistant varieties by selecting for these R genes. However, the problem is that the Phytophthora manages to break through that resistance, time and again.
“Much less is known about the receptors on the outside, on the cell surface, the PRR receptors. These receptors drive more general immune responses,” said Vivianne. "Plant breeders are currently focusing their attention on R genes, but more fundamental research is required to be able to benefit from less specific defense responses by the PRR.
To this end, Wageningen University & Research is cooperating with the University of Tübingen (Germany) and The Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich (UK).
“We have been studying a specific type of PRR receptor called PERU. It binds a special piece of Phytophthora protein, Pep-13, which triggers the potato plant to recognise the disease. It was generally assumed that PRR receptors hardly change over time (a well-known example is the very stable receptor that recognises bacteria flagella). But we found that PERU actually does exhibit dynamic evolution, and changes much faster than the more well-known PRR receptors. This is a totally new insight.”
According to co-research leader Thorsten Nürnberger of the Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP) at the University of Tübingen, the research results show that the evolution of immune receptors on the cell surface of plants (the PRR receptors) is much more complex than we previously thought. "There is not just one version of this receptor, but several variants that can recognise different binding molecules (the proteins of Phytophthora, ed.). This is a completely new finding," he said.
"Several wild potato species have variations of PERU. We have those plants in our collection and we can look back in time, as it were, to find out how they evolved,” Vivianne said. “Once you understand their evolution, you can look for ways to translate that into applications. By selecting for the right receptors, you can increase the plant’s resistance to the disease.”
The researchers traced the origins of the plant’s evolution to the Andes. The receptor is called PERU, which stands for Pep-13 Receptor Unit. But of course, it also refers to the country of origin. By coincidence, the first author of the Science article, PhD student Yerisf Torres Ascurra, is herself from Peru.
The insight into this type of receptors (and more will undoubtedly follow) paves the way for the sustainable potato of the future, according to the researchers. This plant will have specific resistance genes, as well as enhanced general defensive responses.
“Before today, breeders focused on R genes. However, the resistance they offer is constantly being thwarted. By studying how wild potato species survive in an environment where they are constantly assailed by diseases, we can discover what mechanisms they use, and then introduce these mechanisms in our own potato varieties," Vivianne said.
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